Biodegradable - applies to any material that can be broken down
into its constituent elements through natural processes - for example, dissimilation, digestion (resulting in the formation of mineral and simpler organic compounds), and denitrification. The breakdown of chemical materials by natural organisms such as fungi and bacteria.
Adrenal - a flattened, roughly triangular gland of the endocrine system that produces hormones that exert specific effects on other parts of the body, including adrenaline (epinephrine) and cortisol (associated with the physical effects of the stress response within the body).
Caffeic Acid - a type of phenolic compound present in various fruits, vegetables, and citrus fruits, provides much the same benefits as antioxidants and that could reduce the risk of degenerative diseases, heart disease, and diseases of the eye.
Barbell - an elongated bar that has weighted plates affixed to either end. Used in weightlifting, where it requires the use of both hands.
Helix - a winding shape with a repetitive pattern articulated by 2 simultaneous operations (rotation and translation). Biological polymers usually exhibit this kind of structure (the DNA molecule has a double-helix shape).
Vegan - a strict vegetarian, who only eats foods from plant sources and avoids any food associated with animals, birds, fish, or insects - even honey.
Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (NFCS) - a survey conducted by the USDA around every ten years, which tracks and monitors the dietary and nutrient intake of a cross-section of the U.S. population.
MSG (Monosodium Glutamate) - a flavor-enhancer used in foods. MSG is the sodium salt of glutamic acid, which is among the most prevalent amino acids occurring naturally.
Plants manufacture and store carbohydrates as their primary source of energy. The glucose created in the foliage is utilized as the basis to manufacture more complex types of carbohydrates. The grouping of carbohydrates is on the basis of saccharides (the sugars that form their structural core). The chief monosaccharides that occur in food are glucose (also called dextrose) and fructose. Three standard disaccharides are sucrose (from sugar cane and sugar beets), lactose (usually found in dairy products), and maltose (malt sugar found in some grains). Polysaccharides of interest in nutrition are starch (found in plant seeds, fruits, tubers, and roots), dextrin (formed by enzyme action on starch), glycogen (glucose that is converted for storage), and cellulose (part of the cell walls of all plant cells).
Toxicologist - a scientist who studies the nature, effects and recognition of poisonous substances and medical therapies for poisoning.
Polyuria - excessive excretion of urine.
Sugars - the many forms of simple and complex sugars which can be broken down by the digestive system to generate energy. While most people associate sweetness with sucrose (table sugar), sucrose is just one class of sugar providing a sweet flavor. Fruits are natural sources of simple sugars like glucose and fructose; other foods have a number of sugars, such as corn syrup, honey, and high fructose corn syrup, that are blends of fructose and glucose. An additional simple sugar present in milk and milk products, called lactose, is a blend of galactose (a simple sugar) and glucose. All sugars are carbohydrates that provide 4 calories for each gram ingested, while all carbohydrates are made up of one or more simple sugar molecules. After digestion, sugars are transported by the blood to tissues and cells of the body, where they are used as the body`s major fuel source, to assist in breaking down and digesting fat, convert food sources into proteins, or store for future use. Sugars have a much larger function than simply sweetening foods. In addition, they provide singular functional characteristics, like good texture and color and also add to the joy of relishing a healthy diet. Although today`s consumer is offered a wide range of sugars - table sugar, raw sugar (a minimally-processed light-brown sugar resembling coffee crystals), turbinado sugar (cane sugar that retains the natural molasses found in the sugar crystals), brown sugar (refined sugar with a thin coating of molasses), corn syrup, honey - there is no noticeable difference in the number of calories or amount of nutrition each of these varieties provide, and hence no advantage of one, nutrition-wise, over another. In addition, there is a lack of scientific verification that the body is able to recognize the difference between natural sugars and added sugars in food products.
Satiety - a feeling of fullness and total appeasement of hunger after a meal has been ingested.
Placebo - also popularly called a `sugar pill`, a `spurious` treatment that appears to be the same as the authentic treatment. Placebo treatments are used to overcome skewed results from any preconceptions, for or against, which could occur if subjects expect certain outcomes.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids (DHA/EPA) - a type of fatty acid present in some fish and marine oils, which provide the health benefits of reduced chances of coronary heart illnesses and help in improved mental and visual function. The most important compounds in omega-3 fatty acids are DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaneoic acid).
Registered Dietitian (R.D.) - a health care professional who is a food and nutrition specialist. An individual who has been a student of nutrition and dietetics at a college that has been approved by the ADA (American Dietetic Association) and passed an examination in order to hold the position of a registered dietitian.
BHA (Butylated Hydroxyanisole) - chemical compound of phenol used to preserve foods by preventing rancidity. It may also be utilized as a defoaming agent for yeast. BHA is found in foods with a heavy fat (or oil) content, and in beer, packaged snack foods, baked goods, and also in cereals and meat products.
Triceps - the muscles that extend along the underside of the upper arms that un-flex the elbows and allow the forward momentum of the arms.
VO2 Max - The maximum amount of oxygen a person is able to burn up during exercise. This figure is routinely used to determine an individual`s potential in competitive sports that demand high endurance.
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) - the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) includes several agencies charged with different tasks concerned with agriculture and food supply. Among these functions is ensuring a risk-free, inexpensive, nutritious and freely available supply of food. In addition, the USDA enhances the quality of life for the American population by supporting the generation of agricultural products; looking after agricultural, range, and forest lands; nurturing sound evolvement of rural communities; opening up financial prospects for rural and farming populations; expanding the global demand for forest and agricultural products and services; and seeking to reduce hunger within the United States and across the globe.
Hypertension - blood pressure that is consistently high. This ailment is the most wide-spread public health problem in developed nations. The current focus on lifestyle modifications has given diet a very substantial part for both the primary prevention and management of hypertension.
Crustacean - a class of aquatic invertebrates, including crabs, shrimps, lobsters, and barnacles. They typically have segmented bodies, hard external shells and one pair of jointed legs per body segment.
Ketoacidosis - uncontrolled blood glucose and ketone levels that lead to loss of fluids in the body, body fluids getting concentrated, acidosis (excessive blood acidity), and coma. (Also look at `Diabetic Ketoacidosis`.)
Cholesterol - a fatty substance, which is necessary in many biological functions, like being a element of cell `skin`, the production of bile acids (which help in breaking down and absorbing fat in the diet), and in the secretion of sex hormones (such as testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone). An excess of cholesterol in the bloodstream, though, may cause deposits along the inner lining of blood vessels and reduce blood flow to the primary arteries, which might cause a sudden loss of oxygen to the heart that damages heart muscle. Dietary cholesterol is found only in foods from animal sources, such as egg yolks, butter, organ meats, beef, chicken, and shellfish. Unsaturated fats (vegetable oils and shortening) are cholesterol-free. Most of the cholesterol present in the bloodstream is produced by the body, within the liver, at a rate of around 800-1,500 mg a day. In comparison, the average American takes in 300 - 450 milligrams each day through foods. Total blood cholesterol levels over 240 mg/dl are thought to be above normal. Levels between 200 - 239 mg/dL are considered verging on high. Levels less than 200 milligrams per deciliter of blood are considered optimal.
Simple Carbohydrates - single molecule sugars like fructose, galactose, and glucose. They are known as `simple` sugars because their chemical structure contains only a single sugar molecule (monosaccharide) or two joined sugar molecules (a disaccharide), as opposed to complex carbohydrates, which contain entire chains of molecules.
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